1. Background Overview

The wellheads at the site are scattered and numerous, requiring timely handling of any anomalies.

Manual inspections are time-consuming and inefficient; wired transmission is cumbersome, costly, and prone to failure; there is no mobile network coverage at the site, making 4G network reporting impossible.

A wireless transmission technology is needed that supports large-scale access, wide coverage, efficient data transmission, and data aggregation capabilities. This technology collects data from scattered nodes at the site and then synchronizes the data to the platform server via a central network connection for data push and display.

2. Solution Function Introduction

This solution includes two types of devices: terminals and gateways.

Terminal Devices
Equipped with a Zigbee protocol module, supporting self-organizing network functionality;
Supports three roles: sleep terminal, router, and coordinator;
Supports battery power and external power supply.

Sleep Terminal: The device is normally in sleep mode, only waking up when data transmission is needed. After transmission, it returns to sleep mode, exhibiting low power consumption and suitable for battery power.

Router/Coordinator: Requires external power to ensure normal network and data transmission.

Gateway Device: Equipped with a Zigbee protocol module, it can form a network with terminals and supports router and coordinator roles; Equipped with a 4G protocol module, it can synchronize Zigbee data to the Internet via 4G for the platform server to access.

Network Structure Description: The entire data network consists of dormant terminals, router (coordinator) terminals, and gateway devices:

One dormant terminal is installed at each monitoring point;
One router terminal is installed in each monitoring area, responsible for network setup and data forwarding within the area; A coordinator terminal is installed at a location with good power supply and signal strength to ensure network stability; A gateway is installed at a location with 4G signal within the Zigbee coverage area; If there is no 4G signal, the network can be extended to an area with signal by cascading routers before installing a gateway.

3. Solution Application Introduction

One dormant terminal is installed at each wellhead, interfacing with a three-axis sensor as an alarm node. Routers (coordinators) and gateways are strategically deployed to complete the network construction.

Workflow:

Wellhead sensor detects an anomaly → sends data to the corresponding dormant terminal;

Dormant terminal wakes up → reports abnormal data, node ID, and latitude/longitude coordinates;

Data is forwarded to the gateway via router;

Gateway transmits data to the platform server via 4G;

Platform pushes alarms and displays data.

Status Monitoring:
Each dormant terminal periodically reports its own operating status and battery information. The platform can monitor the online status and battery level of the equipment in real time and promptly notify maintenance.

4. Solution Technology Introduction

ZigBee is a low-speed, short-range wireless network protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Its features include:

Low speed, low power consumption, low cost

Supports a large number of network nodes

Supports multiple network topologies

Low complexity, fast, reliable, and secure

Suitable for short-range, low-power, low-rate data transmission scenarios, such as periodic, intermittent data and low-response-time applications.

Network Features:

Accommodates up to 65,535 nodes;
Nodes can communicate with each other, with scalable distance;
Each node can collect data and relay data from other nodes;
Supports networking of terminal nodes (RFD) and full-function nodes (FFD).

Security Mechanisms:
Encryption Technology: 128-bit AES algorithm, supporting network layer and device layer encryption;
Authentication Technology: Dual authentication at the network layer and device layer, preventing internal and external attacks;
Integrity Protection: Supports 0/32/64/128-bit integrity checks;
Sequential Update: Prevents replay attacks through frame numbering, ensuring data freshness.